How to do your job

Respected data scientists,

I have read Statistics, Probability and various topics of calculus many times. So, I do have a basic idea of what these stand for (or maybe I don't, I'm not sure). So, when you are given a bunch of datasets, which are cleaned, and then tasked with applying calculus concepts to get a mathematical understanding of the data, how do you do it? I tried finding insights like Survival Analysis, plotted a Markov Chain graph, finding CMFs, KDEs, etc. What other things should I do?

Any help would be appreciated.

Thanks in advance.